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Uterine Fibroids
Classification of Uterine Fibroids:depending on its location 1-Submucous fibroid :The tumor is protruding through the uterine cavity. 2-Intramural fibroid :The tumor is located within the myometrium. 3-Subserosal fibroid :The tumor is located at the outer border of the myometrium. 4-Pedunculated fibroid :The tumor is attached to the outer border of the uterus by a narrow pedicle containing blood vessels. 5-Fibroids can arise as a separate entity away from the uterus in the broad ligament mainly from the embryonic remnant Pathology of Uterine FibroidsMacroscopic appearanceFibroids present as single or multiple circular or irregular masses. They have a false capsule consisting of compressed myometrial tissue by the tumor. On cross section, the tumor has characteristic whorled arrangement of tissue bundles, and its centre may show different types of degeneration.
Fibroid Uterus 1-Red degeneration It follows an acute loss of blood supply to the fibroid during its active growth mainly seen during pregnancy. Patients present with the sudden onset of abdominal pain,and tenderness localized to the uterus associated with mild pyrexia and leukocytosis. The symptoms and signs resolve over a few days and surgical intervention is rarely required. 2-Hyaline degeneration This type of degeneration is caused by the gradual decrease in the blood supply to the fibroid. It is asymptomatic and can cause central necrosis leaving cystic spaces at the center termed cystic degeneration. Calcification of a fibroid This type of change in the fibroid is caused by deposition of calcium in the fibroid and can be detected on the abdominal x-ray in postmenopausal women. Malignant changes 
Submucous Fibroid Occurs in 0.1 -0 .5 % of fibroids known as sarcoma, which is characterized by rapidly increasing tumor size. Clinical features of Uterine FibroidsThe location of the fibroid and size affect the nature of symptoms of this disease.1- Menstrual disturbance Fibroid is an important cause of uterine bleeding, mainly menorrhagia or intermenstrual bleeding, mainly in sub mucous type and as thus can present with symptoms of anemia. 2-Pressure symptoms, especially urinary frequency or constipation due to pressure of the growing fibroid on the adjacent structures like the urinary bladder and the rectum. 3-Pain is unusual except in red degeneration of a fibroid 4-Sub- fertility;
Cervical Fibroid In late pregnancy if the fibroid is located in the cervix or the lower uterine segment it can cause fetal abnormal lie or presentation and obstructed labor. After delivery, there is a risk of postpartum hemorrhage due to inefficient uterine contractions. Signs of fibroidsAbdominal examination may indicate the presence of a firm mass arising from the pelvis.On bimanual examination, the mass is felt to be a part of the uterus with some limited mobility. Predisposing factors for Uterine Fibroids1-Nulliparity2-Obesity 3-Family history 4-African racial origin Differential diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids1- Ovarian tumor,whether benign or malignant.2- Adenomyosis. 3- Leiomyosarcoma; patient presents with a history of rapidly enlarging abdominal-pelvic mass and decreased mobility of the uterus. In addition to general signs of cachexia. Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids.1-U/S Mainly vaginal U/S gives accurate information to distinguish a uterine fibroid from an ovarian mass.Fibroids appear as circular, well-demarcated lesions. 2-Hysteroscopy for diagnosing and treating sub mucous fibroids. Treatment of Uterine FibroidsThe choice of treatment will be influenced by many factors, e.g. the general health, the age, parity and the desire to have more children in addition to the size and location of the fibroid.Medical treatment of Uterine Fibroids Small and asymptomatic fibroids need to follow up by u/s every 6 months. When symptoms appear and treatment is required, medical therapy is ovarian suppression using GNRH agonist. This type of treatment is effective in shrinking the tumor. When treatment is stopped, ovarian function resumes and fibroids grow back to their previous size. Surgical treatment of Uterine Fibroids Cases of sub mucous and intrauterine fibroids can be removed by hysteroscopy.
GNRH agonist pretreatment over a two-month period can facilitate hysterectomy or myomectomy to reduce the bulk and vascularity of a fibroid prior to surgery. Indications for surgery for Uterine Fibroids 1-Heavy or prolonged blood loss through the menses. 2-Large size fibroid. 3-Pressure symptoms like urine retention. 4-Possible malignant changes. Fibroid destruction 1-Myolysis; the idea of this treatment is to cut the blood supply to the fibroid laparoscopically and use laser to cauterize the blood vessels feeding the fibroid. Disadvantages of this method are that it may be associated with intra abdominal adhesions especially, between uterus and the intestines. 2-Embolization of the uterine artery This type includes selective block to the uterine artery. This is the most modern type of treatment done by percutaneous selective catheterization. It is associated with substantial reduction in fibroid size and improvement of menstrual symptoms over the following 6 months.
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